Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is more than an ovarian disorder. Insulin resistance, elevated insulin, and excessive testosterone frequently interact to disrupt ovulation and metabolic health. But is PCOS sometimes overdiagnosed? Learn why ovarian ultrasound findings alone are insufficient, how insulin and testosterone testing can clarify the clinical picture, and why an accurate diagnosis requires excluding other endocrine disorders.

Elevated uric acid is increasingly linked to glaucoma, retinal vascular disease, macular degeneration, and ocular inflammation. Through endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, hyperuricemia may impair ocular microcirculation. Evaluating uric acid levels may be an overlooked step in protecting long-term visual and vascular health.