Peptides are short amino-acid chains that act as highly specific signaling molecules and have become a major class of modern therapeutics. More than 80 peptide drugs are approved worldwide, including insulin, incretin analogues such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, vasopressin analogues and linaclotide. These agents provide effective, targeted therapy in endocrine, metabolic, gastrointestinal and oncologic indications, supported by robust randomized clinical trials and rigorous ma